Best Uk Cities For Expats To Start A Business

With Best UK Cities for Expats to Start a Business at the forefront, this exploration opens a vibrant gateway to the thrilling landscape of entrepreneurship in the UK. Envision yourself amidst the bustling streets of London, the innovative hubs of Manchester, or the charming alleys of Edinburgh, each offering a distinct blend of opportunities and challenges.

This vibrant tapestry of cities isn’t just a place; it’s a playground for the ambitious, a canvas for the visionary, and a home for those ready to craft their business dreams into reality.

The United Kingdom stands as a beacon of opportunity for expat entrepreneurs, boasting a rich economic environment, robust support networks, and a thriving cultural scene. Whether you’re drawn by the economic stability, the allure of industry-specific niches, or the promise of a quality lifestyle, the UK’s cities have something unique for every enterprising spirit.

This guide navigates through the essentials of what makes these cities ideal for starting your business journey, touching on aspects from legal requirements to lifestyle considerations, ensuring you’re well-equipped to take the leap.

Identifying Ideal Cities for Business Startups

Starting a business as an expat in the UK can be a rewarding venture, with numerous cities offering welcoming business environments, robust support systems, and vibrant economies. The choice of city plays a crucial role in the potential success of a new business, as each city offers distinct advantages and challenges.

Identifying the right city requires a focus on factors such as local economic health, access to resources, and community support for entrepreneurs.Several UK cities are recognized for their thriving business ecosystems, offering opportunities for expats to start and grow successful businesses.

These cities provide a combination of supportive regulations, access to networks, and a diverse pool of talent, making them ideal for startups.

Factors Making a City Attractive for Business Startups

The attractiveness of a city for business startups depends on several key factors that influence operations and growth opportunities.

• Economic Stability:A stable economy with consistent growth trends provides a reliable environment for new businesses.
• Regulatory Environment:Cities with business-friendly policies and streamlined processes for setting up businesses attract more entrepreneurs.
• Access to Talent:Availability of a skilled workforce is crucial for startups, influencing productivity and innovation.
• Supportive Ecosystem:Cities with incubators, accelerators, and venture capitalists offer better support for business growth.
• Quality of Life:A city with a high quality of life attracts expats, providing a comfortable living environment which indirectly supports business success.

Top UK Cities for Expats to Start a Business

The UK is home to several cities with thriving business communities, offering unique advantages to expat entrepreneurs.

1. London:As a global financial hub, London offers unparalleled access to international markets, a diverse talent pool, and numerous networking opportunities.
2. Manchester:Known for its vibrant tech scene and supportive startup environment, Manchester is ideal for tech-savvy entrepreneurs.
3. Birmingham:Boasting a growing economy and strong business support networks, Birmingham is a prime location for new businesses.
4. Edinburgh:With a focus on innovation and an active financial services sector, Edinburgh is attractive to expats looking to enter these industries.
5. Bristol:As a creative and tech-friendly city, Bristol offers a dynamic environment for startups in the creative and digital sectors.

Comparison of Top Cities for Business Startups

To make an informed decision, it’s essential to compare the key characteristics of each city. The table below highlights important aspects such as population, business environment, and support for expats.

City	Population	Business Environment	Support for Expats
London	9 million	Global financial hub with diverse industries	Extensive expat networks and resources
Manchester	2.8 million	Strong tech and digital sectors	Growing expat community with local support groups
Birmingham	1.1 million	Robust business support and development agencies	Supportive multicultural environment
Edinburgh	0.5 million	Innovation-driven with focus on financial services	Welcoming community with specialized expat services
Bristol	0.7 million	Creative and tech-friendly environment	Active expat networks and cultural events

Importance of Location in Business Success

The location of a business significantly impacts its potential success, influencing factors such as market accessibility, logistical efficiency, and operational costs. In the UK, cities differ in terms of infrastructure, connectivity, and available resources, making the choice of location a strategic decision for expats.

“Choosing the right city is not just about the present opportunities but also about future growth prospects and sustainability.”

The strategic location within a city can enhance access to clients and suppliers while reducing operational challenges. Additionally, being part of a community of like-minded entrepreneurs and having access to local business networks can provide essential support and growth opportunities for new businesses.

Economic Environment and Opportunities

The United Kingdom presents a robust economic environment that is conducive to business startups, especially for expatriates looking for new horizons. The country’s economic stability is a significant factor that not only attracts foreign investors but also provides a fertile ground for emerging industries.

The diverse economic landscape of the UK offers numerous opportunities across various sectors, making it an ideal destination for expats to start and grow their businesses.One of the key elements that define the UK’s economic environment is its resilience and adaptability in the face of global economic fluctuations.

This stability is complemented by a sophisticated financial sector, advanced infrastructure, and a skilled workforce. Expats can benefit from the UK’s strategic location as a gateway to Europe and beyond, ensuring easy access to international markets.

Industry-Specific Opportunities in UK Cities

Different cities across the UK offer unique industry-specific opportunities that expats can explore. For instance, London is renowned for its finance and tech industries, while Manchester is becoming a hub for digital and creative enterprises. Additionally, cities like Birmingham and Leeds are thriving with opportunities in manufacturing and healthcare sectors.

Understanding these industry nuances can help expats align their business ventures with local economic strengths.

• London: Finance, Technology, and Creative Industries
• Manchester: Digital Innovation and Media
• Birmingham: Advanced Manufacturing and Healthcare
• Leeds: Financial Services and Health Technologies
• Edinburgh: Financial Services and Tourism

Economic Advantages for Expats in the UK

The economic environment in the UK provides numerous advantages for expatriates looking to establish businesses. These benefits stem from a combination of financial incentives, a supportive policy framework, and dynamic market conditions.

• Access to a large and wealthy consumer market.
• Strong legal framework that protects intellectual property and business rights.
• Comprehensive support for startups, including funding programs and incubators.
• Highly skilled and diverse talent pool available for employment.
• Strategic location with excellent connectivity to global markets.

Government Policies Supporting Expat Entrepreneurs

The UK government has put in place several policies and initiatives aimed at fostering a supportive environment for expat entrepreneurs. These policies are designed to provide financial support, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and offer incentives for innovative business ideas.The UK’s “Global Entrepreneur Programme” is a prime example, which encourages expats to bring innovative business ideas to the UK by offering mentorship, networking opportunities, and access to funding.

Furthermore, the “Innovator Visa” and “Start-up Visa” schemes are specifically tailored to attract and retain foreign entrepreneurial talent, facilitating their integration into the UK economy.

“The UK’s supportive policy environment is a cornerstone for expats seeking to establish and grow businesses, ensuring they have the resources and support needed for success.”

Support Networks and Communities

The United Kingdom, with its diverse culture and thriving business landscape, offers numerous support networks and communities that are invaluable for expats looking to start a business. These networks play a crucial role in providing guidance, resources, and connections that can help new business owners navigate the complexities of starting a business in a foreign country.

From expat communities offering cultural and social support to local business groups providing practical business advice, these networks are essential for fostering a supportive environment for entrepreneurial success.Expat communities are a cornerstone of support for new business owners. By connecting individuals from similar backgrounds or with shared experiences, these communities provide a sense of belonging and understanding, which can be pivotal during the challenging initial phases of setting up a business.

Furthermore, they often serve as a platform for exchanging knowledge, sharing experiences, and collaborating on mutual interests.

Networking Opportunities in Major UK Cities

Networking plays a vital role in the success of expat entrepreneurs, offering a chance to build relationships with other business professionals, industry leaders, and potential clients. Major UK cities like London, Manchester, and Birmingham offer a wealth of networking opportunities tailored to the needs of expats.In London, expat entrepreneurs can take advantage of numerous networking events hosted by organizations such as London & Partners, which regularly organizes meetups and workshops.

Similarly, Manchester hosts the Business Growth Hub, which offers events and seminars tailored to new and growing businesses. In Birmingham, the Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce is a valuable resource for networking events and business advice.

• London: Regular meetups by London & Partners and industry-specific events.
• Manchester: Business Growth Hub’s seminars for business development.
• Birmingham: Networking events by the Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce.

Local Business Support Groups

Local business support groups in the UK offer invaluable resources and advice for expat entrepreneurs. These groups provide guidance on legal requirements, financial planning, and marketing strategies, which are crucial for establishing a successful business.In cities like Edinburgh, Business Gateway provides free workshops and advice sessions for startups.

In Leeds, the Leeds City Region Enterprise Partnership offers tailored business support services. These groups are often well-connected with local authorities and industry professionals, ensuring expats have access to a wide range of resources.

• Edinburgh: Business Gateway’s workshops and advice sessions.
• Leeds: Tailored support from Leeds City Region Enterprise Partnership.

Mentorship Programs for Expat Entrepreneurs

Mentorship programs are instrumental in providing personalized guidance and support to expat entrepreneurs. By pairing experienced professionals with new business owners, these programs help bridge the knowledge gap and provide practical insights into the UK business environment.The UK has several notable mentorship programs, such as the New Entrepreneurs Foundation, which offers mentoring through its comprehensive entrepreneur development program.

Additionally, the British Library’s Business & IP Centre provides a dedicated mentorship scheme for startups, offering one-on-one sessions with business experts.

• New Entrepreneurs Foundation: Comprehensive mentorship and development program.
• British Library’s Business & IP Centre: One-on-one mentorship sessions with experts.

“A strong support network can be the difference between success and failure for expat entrepreneurs, providing the tools and connections needed to thrive.”

Business Expert

Legal and Regulatory Considerations

When starting a business in the UK, especially as an expat, understanding the legal and regulatory landscape is vital. The UK offers a robust framework that is designed to support business growth, but navigating through legal requirements, visa options, and tax obligations can be challenging for newcomers.

This section provides an informative overview to help expat entrepreneurs effectively and efficiently establish their businesses in the UK.

Key Legal Requirements for Expats Starting a Business in the UK

Understanding the legal framework of business operations is essential for expats looking to start a business in the UK. Here are the essential legal requirements:

• Company Structure: Decide on the type of business structure, such as a sole trader, partnership, or limited company, each with differing legal implications.
• Trading License: Depending on the business type, a trading license might be necessary, especially for specific industries like hospitality or finance.
• Employment Law: Familiarize yourself with the UK’s employment laws if you intend to hire staff. This includes understanding work contracts, minimum wage laws, and employee rights.

Visa and Residency Options for Expat Entrepreneurs

Visa and residency options are crucial for expats who wish to start a business in the UK. These options determine the legal stay and business operation rights.

• Start-up Visa: Designed for entrepreneurs intending to set up an innovative business in the UK. It requires endorsement from an approved body.
• Innovator Visa: Suitable for experienced businesspersons with a minimum investment fund requirement. This also requires an endorsement from a recognized body.
• Tier 1 (Investor) Visa: Allows individuals who invest £2,000,000 or more in the UK to live and work in the country.

Step-by-Step Procedure for Registering a Business in the UK

Registering a business in the UK is a straightforward process, but it involves several steps to ensure compliance with local laws.

1. Choose a Business Name: Ensure the name is unique and complies with the naming rules set by Companies House.
2. Register with Companies House: Complete the registration process online or via post to establish your business as a legal entity.
3. Set Up a Business Bank Account: Essential for managing finances and maintaining the separation between personal and business finances.
4. Register for Taxation: Apply for a Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR) and register for Value Added Tax (VAT) if necessary.

Tax Regulations and Obligations for Expat Business Owners

Tax compliance is a significant aspect of running a business in the UK, with specific obligations incumbent upon expat entrepreneurs.

• Corporation Tax: Payable on profits made by your company. Ensure timely filings and payments to avoid penalties.
• VAT: Applicable if your taxable turnover exceeds £85,000, requiring registration and periodic returns.
• Pay As You Earn (PAYE): Necessary for businesses with employees, facilitating income tax and National Insurance contributions.

By adhering to these legal and regulatory considerations, expats can successfully navigate the UK’s business landscape, creating a solid foundation for their entrepreneurial ventures.

Cost of Living and Business Expenses

In the journey of establishing a business as an expat in the UK, understanding the cost of living and business expenses is pivotal. The financial landscape varies significantly across cities, influencing both personal and professional budgets. A thorough analysis of these factors can assist in making informed decisions, ensuring sustainability and growth.The cost of living in the UK is not uniform; it changes based on location, lifestyle, and business scale.

While some cities offer a more cost-efficient environment, others may demand a higher financial commitment due to increased living standards and business operations. Understanding these variations can aid in strategic planning for expats.

Analysis of Cost of Living in Various UK Cities for Expats

Cost of living encompasses essentials such as housing, transportation, food, and healthcare. Here’s a breakdown of some prominent UK cities:

• London:Known for its high cost of living, with premium prices on housing and utilities.
• Manchester:Offers a more affordable living situation, with lower housing costs compared to the capital.
• Edinburgh:Balances historical charm with relatively moderate living expenses.
• Birmingham:Provides an economical option with competitive prices in housing and daily expenses.

These differences can influence an expat’s quality of life and financial planning when considering a move to the UK for business purposes.

Comparison of Business Expenses in Different Cities

Business expenses are critical to budgeting and planning. The following table provides a comparative glance at business expenses across various UK cities, focusing on rent, utilities, and salaries.

City	Average Rent (£/sq ft)	Utilities (£/month)	Average Salary (£/annum)
London	75	200	40,000
Manchester	30	150	30,000
Edinburgh	35	180	32,000
Birmingham	25	140	28,000

These figures illustrate the financial demands of starting a business in different locations, aiding expats in choosing a city that aligns with their budgetary constraints and business goals.

Financial Planning for Expats Considering Starting a Business in the UK

Financial planning is the backbone of establishing a successful business. Expats need to consider initial capital requirements, ongoing operational costs, and potential revenue streams.

• Establish a comprehensive budget that includes both personal and business expenses.
• Research local financial aid or grants available to new businesses.
• Consider the currency exchange rates and their impact on capital if funds are being transferred from abroad.

These strategies can ensure financial stability and assist in the seamless establishment of business operations.

Strategies for Minimizing Business Expenses in the Initial Stages

Minimizing business expenses is crucial during the initial stages of a startup. By employing efficient strategies, expats can optimize their resources effectively.

• Leverage technology to automate processes and reduce manual labor costs.
• Consider co-working spaces instead of renting full-scale offices to save on rent.
• Utilize local suppliers to minimize supply chain costs and foster community relations.
• Implement energy-saving practices to reduce utility expenses.

These approaches can significantly lower startup costs, allowing for a more focused investment in growth and expansion.

Quality of Life and Cultural Factors

Understanding the quality of life and cultural factors in the UK can significantly impact business ventures for expats. These elements not only affect personal well-being but also influence business productivity and success. The UK’s cultural richness and high living standards create an ecosystem where businesses can thrive, provided that expats are attuned to the local nuances and lifestyle.The quality of life in the UK is often measured by indicators such as healthcare, educational opportunities, safety, and environmental quality.

Expats who adapt to these elements can find a more balanced and productive work-life dynamic. Meanwhile, cultural factors, including communication styles, negotiation practices, and social etiquettes, also play a critical role in business interactions and success.

Impact of Quality of Life on Business Productivity and Success

Expats often choose the UK for its high quality of life, which is conducive to a prosperous business environment. A supportive environment not only enhances personal satisfaction but also improves professional output.

• The UK’s healthcare system, widely regarded for its accessibility and quality, ensures that expats maintain their health, thus reducing absenteeism and improving productivity.
• Access to world-class education and training opportunities enhances the skillsets of business owners and their employees, fostering innovation and efficiency.
• Safety and a low crime rate contribute to a stable and secure environment for business operations, encouraging long-term investment and commitment.
• The UK’s rich cultural and recreational offerings provide necessary breaks and leisure activities, which are crucial for preventing burnout and maintaining high levels of motivation and creativity.

Cultural Factors in Business Operations and Negotiations

Cultural sensitivity is crucial for expats starting businesses in the UK. Understanding the local culture can facilitate smoother negotiations and operations.

“In the UK, business is often conducted with a high degree of formality, and understanding cultural nuances can be the key to successful negotiations.”

• British communication style is generally polite and indirect, requiring expats to read between the lines and infer meanings beyond the words spoken.
• There’s a strong emphasis on punctuality in business meetings; being late can be perceived as unprofessional or disrespectful.
• Networking is a vital part of business culture in the UK. Building genuine relationships can often precede formal business discussions and agreements.
• Understanding and respecting hierarchy and protocol during meetings is important, as is maintaining a professional demeanor at all times.

Cultural Nuances for Expats in Business

Awareness of cultural nuances can make a significant difference in how expats’ businesses are perceived and accepted in the UK market.

• The British are known for their understated humor and sarcasm. Recognizing these in conversations can prevent misunderstandings.
• Dress codes in business settings can vary but generally lean towards formal attire. Being appropriately dressed can influence first impressions.
• Gift-giving isn’t a common business practice in the UK; however, small tokens of appreciation are accepted, especially during festive seasons.
• Work-life balance is highly valued, and respecting employees’ personal time can lead to greater loyalty and productivity.

Leisure and Recreational Opportunities

The UK offers a plethora of leisure and recreational activities that can enhance the expat experience and contribute to a balanced lifestyle.

• The UK’s rich history provides numerous cultural sites, from historic castles and museums to celebrated landmarks like Stonehenge and the Tower of London.
• Expats can enjoy a vibrant arts scene, with theaters, art galleries, and music festivals occurring throughout the year.
• Outdoor enthusiasts can benefit from the UK’s diverse landscapes, including national parks, hiking trails, and coastal areas perfect for exploration and relaxation.
• The country’s multicultural population means there are countless opportunities to experience international cuisines and festivals, broadening the social and cultural experience of living in the UK.

Infrastructure and Technology

The infrastructure and technological landscape in the UK is a cornerstone for expats looking to start a business. The country’s advanced infrastructure supports business operations across various sectors, creating a fertile ground for entrepreneurial success. From seamless digital networks to sophisticated transportation systems, the UK provides the foundation for business growth and sustainability.Infrastructure plays a critical role in supporting business growth by providing the necessary physical and digital frameworks that facilitate efficient operations.

For expats, having access to quality infrastructure means smoother integration into the business environment, reducing barriers to entry and operational challenges.

Technological Advancements in the UK

Britain is home to numerous technological advancements that significantly benefit new businesses. The UK’s commitment to innovation and technology translates into several advantages for expat entrepreneurs.

• The UK boasts extensive high-speed internet coverage, facilitating seamless digital communication and online business operations.
• Innovation hubs and tech clusters, particularly in cities like London, Manchester, and Edinburgh, offer thriving environments for tech startups.
• The government’s support for artificial intelligence and machine learning initiatives helps businesses leverage cutting-edge technologies.

Digital Tools and Resources for Expat Entrepreneurs

Expat entrepreneurs in the UK have access to a multitude of digital tools and resources designed to aid in business setup and growth. These resources provide essential support, from streamlining operations to enhancing productivity.

• Online platforms like Companies House simplify the process of business registration and management.
• Cloud computing solutions, such as those offered by leading providers, facilitate scalability and remote collaboration.
• Comprehensive e-commerce platforms enable expats to establish and grow online businesses effectively.

Connectivity and Transportation in Business Logistics

Connectivity and transportation are pivotal aspects of business logistics, influencing both day-to-day operations and long-term strategic planning. The UK’s well-developed transportation networks complement its technological infrastructure, ensuring efficient movement of goods and people.

• The UK’s extensive railway network connects major cities, enabling quick and reliable transit for both goods and employees.
• International airports in cities like London, Manchester, and Birmingham provide global connectivity, crucial for businesses with international ties.
• Robust public transport systems within cities help reduce commuting times, enhancing workplace productivity.

Supportive infrastructure and advanced technology form the backbone of a thriving business environment for expat entrepreneurs in the UK.

Success Stories and Case Studies

In the ever-evolving landscape of business, the United Kingdom stands as a beacon for expat entrepreneurs seeking to establish their ventures. The success stories of expats who have thrived in the UK provide not only inspiration but also invaluable insights into navigating the complexities of starting a business in a foreign land.

These narratives highlight the potential pitfalls and triumphs, offering a roadmap for those who dream of building their enterprise on British soil.The lessons drawn from these case studies underscore the resilience, adaptability, and strategic planning required to succeed. Expat entrepreneurs have often faced unique challenges, from cultural integration to navigating regulatory systems, yet their stories are a testament to the opportunities available in the UK.

Expat Success Stories in UK Business

The following stories showcase the journeys of expat entrepreneurs who have successfully launched and scaled businesses in the UK, demonstrating the diverse opportunities and challenges faced along the way.

• An Australian entrepreneur established a tech startup in London, leveraging the city’s vibrant ecosystem. By focusing on creating a solution for remote work issues, the company quickly gained traction, benefiting from London’s access to international talent and tech hubs.

  The entrepreneur highlighted the importance of networking within local tech communities and staying adaptable to market changes.

• A French expat opened a chain of boutique cafes across the UK, capitalizing on the nation’s love for unique coffee experiences. By incorporating authentic Parisian elements and focusing on sustainable sourcing, the business differentiated itself in a competitive market. The entrepreneur emphasized understanding regional consumer preferences and building strong supplier relationships.

• A South African designer found success by launching a fashion brand in Manchester, tapping into the city’s rich textile heritage. By collaborating with local artisans and utilizing eco-friendly materials, the brand carved a niche in sustainable fashion. The founder noted the significance of blending cultural influences and integrating local talent to create a unique product offering.

Lessons from Expat Entrepreneurs

The stories of these expat entrepreneurs reveal crucial lessons that others can apply to their own business ventures. Critical insights include the importance of building a robust network, understanding cultural nuances, and maintaining a flexible business model.

“Adaptability and cultural intelligence are as important as the business idea itself.”

1. Building a Supportive Network:Engaging with local business communities provides access to mentors, investors, and potential partners, crucial for navigating the initial stages of business development.
2. Understanding Regulatory Frameworks:Thoroughly researching and understanding the UK’s legal and regulatory frameworks can prevent costly missteps and ensure compliance.
3. Adapting to Market Demands:Staying attuned to market trends and consumer preferences enables businesses to remain competitive and responsive to changing demands.

Common Challenges and Overcoming Them

While the UK offers fertile ground for business opportunities, expat entrepreneurs often face distinct challenges. Understanding these can help others prepare and strategize effectively.

• Cultural Adjustment:Adapting to cultural differences is essential. Many successful expats recommend participating in cultural events and expatriate forums to gain insights and form connections.
• Access to Funding:Securing capital can be challenging. Expats have found success by exploring diverse funding sources such as angel investors, venture capital, and government grants specifically for foreign entrepreneurs.
• Navigating Bureaucracy:The complexity of legal requirements can be daunting. Utilizing legal advisors familiar with both UK and international regulations can ease this process.

An Expat Entrepreneur’s Journey to Success

Consider the illustrative journey of Maria, a Spanish entrepreneur who moved to Edinburgh with a dream of revolutionizing the local culinary scene with her tapas restaurant. Maria meticulously researched her target market, recognizing a gap in authentic Spanish dining experiences.

She secured a prime location and invested in high-quality ingredients imported directly from Spain.Maria’s initial challenges included navigating the UK’s health and safety regulations and dealing with local competition. By building strong relationships with local suppliers and adapting her menu to include seasonal British produce, she gained a loyal customer base.

Maria’s story exemplifies the blend of innovation and adaptability that can lead to success in the UK.Maria’s journey reflects the potential for success when expat entrepreneurs combine their unique cultural insights with local opportunities, ultimately enriching the business landscape of their adopted home.

Her story is a vivid example of how persistence and a willingness to embrace both challenges and opportunities can lead to rewarding outcomes.

Closure

The journey through the Best UK Cities for Expats to Start a Business reveals a landscape rich with potential and diversity. From economic advantages to cultural nuances, each city offers a distinct set of benefits and challenges. As you consider your next steps, remember that starting a business is not just about finding the right place but also about embracing the community and resources it offers.

These cities provide not just the foundation but the wings to soar and succeed in your entrepreneurial endeavors. So, pack your bags, align your strategies, and set forth on an adventure that promises growth and fulfillment.

FAQ Resource

What makes a UK city ideal for expats to start a business?

Factors such as a robust business environment, supportive local networks, economic opportunities, and quality of life make a city ideal for expat entrepreneurs.

How does the UK support expat entrepreneurs?

The UK provides various support systems including government policies, networking opportunities, and legal frameworks designed to assist expat entrepreneurs.

Which UK city offers the best quality of life for expat entrepreneurs?

Cities like Edinburgh and Bristol are known for their high quality of life, balancing business opportunities with cultural and leisure activities.

Are there specific industries that thrive in certain UK cities?

Yes, for example, London is a hub for finance and technology, while Manchester thrives in the creative and digital sectors.

What legal requirements should expats be aware of when starting a business in the UK?

Expats need to be aware of visa and residency options, business registration processes, and tax regulations applicable in the UK.